Imagine living in a world where a simple drink of water could kill you.
A world where childbirth was often a death sentence, where entire cities were devastated by cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and dysentery, and where parents routinely buried children before they reached their first birthday.
This was not the Dark Ages.
It was the 19th century.
Today, many people take clean water, sanitation, and basic hygiene for granted. Yet less than two centuries ago, infectious diseases were among humanity's greatest enemies, claiming millions of lives across every continent.
Before Germ Theory: When Doctors Believed Disease Came From Bad Air
Around 1860, Louis Pasteur first published the 'germ theory'. That is, various pathogenic germs or microorganisms cause infectious diseases in the human body. Before this doctors believed in miasma theory.
Many diseases (e.g. cholera, plague, typhoid) are caused by bad smells or polluted air (miasma). So they are around the house, hospital or bedside to reduce the spread of disease ask for fresh air.
Doctors still didn't know about germs (viruses, bacteria). They noticed that good, clean, pure air in the house reduced the incidence of disease. Even in the 20th century, doctors told patients to get a change of air for their health.
If you read literature, you will know that Rabindranath, Saratchandra and other novelists used to write for patients or sick characters traveling or traveling in rivers, haors or hilly areas.
In England, the mid-1800s identified filth as a cause of disease and improved sanitation systems.
The Age of Epidemics:
In the 1800s, infectious diseases were a terror. Overcrowded cities, war and extreme poverty led to epidemics of disease and millions of deaths. The worst affected were the poorer classes, but no class was spared. Unhealthy environment, malnutrition & Dirty living was the main reason.
Although Greece and Rome had rules of hygiene and waste management in ancient times, they disappeared in the Middle Ages. In England, after the Enclosure Acts and the Industrial Revolution, poor people flocked to cities and lived in filth, drinking contaminated water and eating rotten food. Which plays a major role in the spread of disease.
Dr. in 1888. French writes - Extreme poverty, dirty environment and overcrowding create epidemics in cities, & Cleanliness, clean water and healthy living can prevent it. He said that the death rate of children increased mainly due to measles, smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever and whooping cough.
Typhoid Fever: The Disease of Poor Sanitation
Typhoid fever is spread through contaminated food or water, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. This disease was called the “Disease of Defective Civilization” because its main cause was unhealthy environment lack of drainage system.
Between the late 1800s and early 1900s, 40,000-50,000 people died of typhoid each year in the United States. From 1907 to 1911, there were 283,000 cases of cholera in Russia, while about 12.5 million people were infected with typhoid in the United States during the same period.
For every cholera case in Russia, there are four typhoid cases. In 1910-11, 16,000 people contracted cholera in Italy, while in the United States half a million people died of typhoid.
Typhoid was the leading cause of death for US troops in the Spanish-American War; This disease accounted for 86.8 percent of the total wartime deaths.
It was also widespread during the Civil War, where the mortality rate was about 37 percent. But worst of all was the diarrhea and dysentery that soldiers called the "Tennessee Quickstep" that crippled most of the troops on both sides. Poet Walt Whitman wrote,"This battle was about 99 percent diarrhea and 1 percent glory."
In 1879, over 500 people contracted a typhoid-like disease in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, after eating poor-quality veal and pork; According to many it was “sausage poisoning”.
Patients suffered from severe fever, diarrhoea, unconsciousness and pneumonia. Further investigation revealed that it might not be true typhoid, but a type of food poisoning caused by contaminated meat.
Cholera: The Terror of Contaminated Water
Cholera was a disease of unsanitary conditions and overcrowding. A bacterial gut infection, which causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, muscle spasms and death from dehydration. From children to adults, people of all ages were affected by the epidemic.
Cholera patients were killed or left to die in many places during the 1800s, especially during epidemics due to fear, superstition and social panic. The concept of germ theory was not yet established;People thought cholera was a "miasma" or punishment from God.
During the Paris cholera epidemic of 1832, Heinrich Heine (1797–1856) recounted, “The people rushed upon them like animals, like madmen… Nothing could be more horrible than the sight of a bloodthirsty mob suffocating helpless victims….
Two people were killed on the road… I saw, one of them was still breathing.And some old women took off her wooden shoes and beat him on the head with them till he died.
He was completely naked and bloody; They not only tore off his clothes, but also tore off his hair, genitals and nose. Then a miscreant tied a rope to the legs of the dead body and dragged it through the street, shouting repeatedly, “Here comes the cholera-patient!”
Trade and as travel increased, unsanitary conditions led to six major cholera epidemics by 1800. The first started in 1816 and ended in 1926. Between 1817 and 1860, about 1.5 million people died in India alone.
In 1849, a second outbreak occurred in Paris and London—14,137 deaths in London, double the number in 1832. In Ireland it caused a famine-like death toll, and in the United States6,000-12,000 people died during the California Gold Rush.
The Third Pandemic in Russia resulted in over a million deaths. Between 1832 and 1860, about 1.5 million people died in the United States, and in 1854, 5.5% of the population died in one year in Chicago. Between 1883-87, 2.5 million died in Europe, 2.6 million in Russia, 1.2 million in Spain, 90,000 in Japan, 60,000 in Persia and 58,000 in Egypt. Only in Russia at the beginning of the 20th centuryMore than half a million people died.
Of the 1.2 million deaths in France in 1832, 7,000 died in Paris in just 18 days. In 1849, cholera spread rapidly in the United States, causing people to flee their homes in panic throughout the city; Smoke is created by burning wood in hopes of purifying the air.
The number of patients was so great that only doctors, coffin makers and undertakers could be seen on the streets. Drinking water mixed with human and animal feces,Epidemics continued until the 19th and early 20th centuries due to lack of sanitation and lack of sanitation.
In Chicago, sewage from slaughterhouses, glue factories, and sewers contaminated Lake Michigan, a major cause of the cholera epidemic of 1848.
Dysentery: The Invisible Battlefield Killer
Dysentery is an intestinal infection caused by bacteria or amoeba. It causes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stool. Like choleraIt is spread through faecally contaminated food and water, especially in poor and unhygienic areas.
Many people died of these diseases. The American Civil War (1861-65) saw double the number of battle field casualties, 186,000 soldiers, nearly half of which were typhoid and dysentery. Conditions in the concentration camps were dire; The dead were given mass burials without coffins.
"Hospitals" meant tattered, sideless tents, where hundreds of patients lay on the ground there, food was scarce, and death from scurvy, diarrhoea, dysentery and gangrene was a daily occurrence.
Typhus fever: Typhus fever is different from typhoid; It is caused by Rickettsia bacteria and is spread through the bite of lice. It is known as the “disease of uncleanliness” because overcrowding, lack of air and unhealthy living are the main causes. 10,000 people were infected in Serbia in 1914 during World War I, dying in six months.The number rises to 1.5 lakh.
During the Russian Revolution and Civil War of 1917–21, 2.5 million people were infected in Russia, and nearly 3 million died. In Poland in 1919, Red Cross Chairman Henry Davison said there were 2.3 million typhus patients, and according to the US Medical Unit, 95 percent were infected, with a mortality rate of 15-60 percent.
According to David Henderson, director general of the Red Cross Society in Geneva, typhus in Eastern EuropeThe plague was the worst since the Middle Ages; In Poland alone, 1.2 million cases were detected in July, but shortages of cleaners, fuel, clothing and doctors made control of the disease nearly impossible.
Diphtheria: Diphtheria is an infectious respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria, but the actual causative agent is a type of virus (bacteriophage), whichInfecting bacteria produce toxic toxins. This toxin forms a thick skin-like coating in the throat, making it difficult to breathe and swallow.
In severe cases, it can spread through the blood stream and cause paralysis and heart attack. In the poor and mal nourished environment, many people died from this disease. In New York in the 1910s, an average of 60 diphtheria cases and hundreds of deaths were reported daily.
Health Commissioner Royal S. CopelandIt is referred to as "health crime". In Germany between 1882-1891 1,11,021 died out of a population of 10 million in large cities; Another 12,361 died in 1892.
Whooping cough: Pertussis or whooping cough is a bacterial disease that causes severe and uncontrollable coughing, especially fatal for mal nourished children. It starts with a common cold and gradually develops into a “whoop” sounding cough. 19th century the disease became epidemic in Philadelphia at the end of the century; Irrespective of rich and poor, thousands of children are affected.
Ignoring the symptoms can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis and later tuberculosis. Dr. Royal S. According to Haynes, the leading infectious cause of death in children under one year was whooping cough; It caused almost the same death toll as typhoid.
In 1910 New York had 461 from whooping cough, 1,715 from diphtheria, measles andAbout 1,700 died from scarlet fever, while only 558 died from typhoid.
Scarlet fever: Scarlet fever is a toxin-producing bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or group-A strep bacteria. A red rash appears on the skin, especially on the chest and abdomen, which then spreads to the rest of the body.
These symptoms are caused by the production of a special virus toxin that infects the bacteria.Heart disease and kidney disease are often complications, which are the result of the body's autoimmune response. Before the discovery of antibiotics, the death rate of the disease decreased, although it has not yet been completely eradicated.
Scarlet fever and diphtheria killed 2,62,429 people in England and Wales in 1847–1861, including 38,890 in London. That is, one out of every 23 deaths in London would die of this disease. In 1884, Long Island, New York scarlet fever closes schools in Smithville, three die.
Measles: Measles is a viral infection, the primary symptoms of which are runny nose, cough, fever and pain; Later, small red spots appear on the skin with white dots in the middle. In 1906, 1,463 people died from measles in the United States, of which 1,240 were children under five years of age.
In December alone, 2,807 cases of child deaths were reported two and a half times more than scarlet fever. Thousands of natives died of measles and other diseases following European influence on Herschel Island in the Canadian Arctic; As the native population became accustomed to civilization's modern clothing, drinking, and unsanitary lifestyles, their immune systems weakened, causing pneumonia and other infections to spread.
Yellow fever or yellow fever: Yellow fever is a viral disease, which spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. In 1855 it destroyed the towns of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Gosport in Virginia, killing thousands and leaving the towns almost deserted.
The streets were silent, the shops closed, carriages full of coffins rolled around; 50 to 80 people died every day. Rich and poor, black and white, everyone is equally affected by this epidemic. According to the New York Times report, the coffins were densely swarmed with mosquitoes, and the dead the skin was yellow or bronze in color.
In 1873, yellow fever, smallpox, and cholera spread simultaneously in Memphis, causing panic, and people fled their homes.
Tuberculosis: The White Plague
Tuberculosis or “tuberculosis” was one of the deadliest diseases of the 1800s. It infects the lungs and destroys the body. Overcrowding and living in unsanitary tenements were the main reasons for the spread of disease. Breathing dirty air weakens the body,Nerves and appetite were destroyed, resulting in reduced immunity. Pneumonia and tuberculosis were the major killers of the era.
The two diseases together account for about one-fifth of all deaths. About 700,000 working people in the United States were then infected with TB, and more than 1,30,000 died each year.
Infectious diseases often struck together or in succession, such as measles and diphtheria when they spread together and increased infant mortality.Many measles deaths in New York after 1858 were actually complicated by diphtheria infections.
At the Urana Schwab Home in Huguenot, a combination of measles, scarlet fever and pneumonia infected 150 of 300 children and 20 died. “These children arrive weak and mal nourished, making it difficult to save them in the event of an epidemic,” says Sister Teresa.
A doctor's record shows that a seven-year-old boy is suffering from diphtheria and measles at the same timedied of high fever and debility despite receiving antitoxin, showing that the two diseases combined were almost always fatal.
The Tragedy of Childbed Puerperal Fever: Puerperal fever or “child bed fever” was a serious but preventable infection that caused maternal death after child birth. Puerperal fever is mainly caused by infection, which is mainly due to dirty hands of doctors and unsterile medical supplies.Spread through machinery.
In Europe, America and other countries, when male doctors and students began to manage deliveries instead of experienced midwives, the disease took a serious form.
In the 18th century, the profession of man-midwife or “man-midwife” became popular, but lack of experience and excessive intervention caused many deaths. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes (United States) and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweiss (Austria) was the first to prove that hand washing due to this, maternal mortality is occurring.
They instructed doctors to wash their hands with chlorinated solution. In Semmelweis's hospital when it was implemented the mortality rate dropped from 32% to zero; Dr. Prague. Breisky also did not lose a single one of 1,100 deliveries using the same method.
Yet contemporary doctors reject this doctrine as insulting. Semmelweis was mentally tortured and sent to an ashram, where he was beaten by the guards,he died of gangrene in his hands.
Childhood Diseases That Once Terrified Families:
Countless women died in child birth in Europe from the 18th to 19th centuries. A record from 1764 shows that fifty percent of women admitted to Paris hospitals in child birth died of puerperal fever.
At that time billions of children lost their mothers due to puerperal fever and most of the children died due to malnutrition, neglect and disease and the surviving children were laborers.would have grown as At the beginning of the twentieth century, as late as 1900, one in 10 children died before reaching their first birthday.
During the 1870s–1940s in Britain, many deaths were caused by the unnecessary use of chloroform and forceps during simple childbirth, which one observer commented was “close to murder”. Puerperal fever shows how great a disaster the ignorance and arrogance of the doctors brought about. Where only hand wash and machine clean millions of lives could have been saved if it had been kept.
Mortality from infectious diseases has decreased because of improvements in quality of life, nutritious food, better maternity care, and improved hygiene, not because of vaccines. Even today, this reduction in mortality is attributed solely to vaccination, although evidence suggests that cleanliness and proper treatment were the main factors in prolonging human life.
The history of disease from 1800 to 1900 is like the dark ages of Bengali literature we are not informed that way. The main causes of epidemics of infectious diseases were malnutrition, inadequate sanitation and lack of knowledge about hygiene.
Even in British-ruled Bengal, most people died of infectious diseases. The first cholera epidemic of 1817 killed over a million people. The cholera epidemic of 1852 killed about 10-20 million people.
Plague of 1896 in Calcutta and other cities more than 100,000 people died, the Spanish flu of 1918 killed around 10-12 lakh people in Bengal. Besides, many people died from diseases like dysentery and typhoid. Due to modern science, we now understand that there were three reasons behind these deaths:
- Weak immune system due to malnutrition
- Weak or zero sanitation system
- Ignorance of hygiene
Why Public Health Changed the World?
The 19th century was a terrible era for human civilization, where disease,Poverty and ignorance combined to cast a shadow of death on every level of human life. Doctors then believed disease came from “miasma” or polluted air, unaware of the existence of germs.
Louis Pasteur's 'germ theory' was the first to show that invisible germs, bacteria and viruses were the main cause of infectious diseases. This discovery only revolutionized the history of medicine.
Unhealthy cities, densely populated areas,Malnutrition and polluted water were the main causes of typhoid, cholera, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles and tuberculosis. In wars, prisons and slums these diseases become epidemics; Millions of people die.
The terrible puerperal fever proved how deadly the ignorance and arrogance of doctors can be—where they claimed the lives of thousands of mothers by neglecting simple hygiene practices like hand washing. Similarly, dirty environment & Neglect of public health leads millions of children to premature death.
Lessons for the Modern World:
The horrific experiences of this period later gave rise to the public health movement around the world. Cleanliness, clean water, sanitation, nutritious food and proper maternity care dramatically reduce mortality. But it wasn't because of the vaccine.
This happened a long time ago when there were no modern vaccines. History says so, the increase in human life expectancy and disease freeness is real the foundation is based on science, education, cleanliness and social responsibility, not vaccination.
This history of the past teaches us that, no matter how advanced medical science is, if indifference to the environment and hygiene returns, civilization may return to the old cycle of death.
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