**Timeless Foundation of Islamic Governance:Lessons from Islamic History on Leadership & Intelligence **

“My court needs four character. They are the main poles of the state. Without them, no state can be properly formed. One is the judge. In the traditional terminology, which can be called the head of the judicial. Who will not care about the slander of judgment for the sake of Allah. The second is the police chief. At present it can be called the Home Minister replaced. HandProtect the weak from. The third person is a Kharaj officer. In modern times he can be called the finance minister. Who will collect people's disadvantages. But do not oppress the people. The fourth person is the intelligence department head. Who will write the information of all of them properly. "

Imam Tabari Rah, a third-fourth-century historian. (1H/122 AD) This statement is towards Abu Jafar Mansur, the real founder of the Abbasi Caliphate.He narrates in his historical book. This statement of the Caliph Mansour proves how well the Islamic state and state thought were.

Inauguration of the intelligence department

New age

Detective activity is an important part of national security. In order to make the security system flawless, it is necessary to find its defects through intelligence activities. You need to collect information about the enemy's power. No moreIn the case, there is no alternative to intelligence.

In the era of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and openly Rashedin, there was no formal form of national security and intelligence system. However, detectives about enemies and collecting information were different. It is not just that for the Islamic state. Rather, such intelligence activities continued on behalf of the disbelievers.

In the life of the ProphetWe see that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to do detectives about the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). All the news of the Prophet used to deliver the disbelievers to the disbelievers. As Sibat ibn al -Jawazi (1H/125 AD) mentions in his 'Mirratu Yaman'.

When Muslims migrated to Madinah, the Jews became the sole purpose of the Jews with the Quraish - to provide information on intelligence activities against Muslims. ProofWe see Balajuri (25 AH/12 AD) in the book 'Ansabul Ashraf'. Malik ibn Abi Kaqal is hidden among the Muslims by holding the garment of Islam. He used to deliver the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to the Jews.

Due to such intelligence, Muslims have to pay a difficult price. In this context, Imam Bihaqi (1H/1 AD) mentions an event in the book 'Dalailaun Nubuwah'.Did When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) returned from Kaza in the seventh Hijri, he sent an expedition to the Banu Sulaim tribe near Madinah. Banu Sulaim was spy in that force. When the forces left Medina, the spy hid and went to Banu Sulaim and warned them with information. Banu Sulaim made huge preparations for the war. The Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)When they saw them preparing for war, they invited Islam. But they answer the words with a spear.

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and his Companions have a lot of incidents about stopping the spies of the enemy. An event has been described in Sahih Bukhari. Once a polytheist spy comes to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Then when he quietly goes out, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)Give me - Hold the man to me and kill him. The disciples competed and took him and Salama bin Akwa killed him.

On the other hand, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) also had his own intelligence forces. They entered the enemy's queue and collected their details. In this context, a hadith of Sahih Bukhari can be quoted. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) once UmrahIhram built for collecting. A detective of the tribe was sent to provide street information. When the Prophet departed, the detectives returned with the sure information about the Quraish. The detective told the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) that the Kuraish had submitted huge forces against you. They will fight you and prevent you from reaching the Baitulla.

Ibn Abdul Bar (1H/1AD). In his book 'Al-Istiyab', Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (12 AH/12 AD) accepted Islam before the Battle of Badr. He stayed in Madinah and wrote the information of the polytheists to the Prophet (peace be upon him). Abbas Raziyallah Anhu wanted - he would come to the Messenger of Allah (।). But in the return letter, the Prophet wrote him - in your MeccaIt would be better to stay.

Open

Abu Bakr Raziullah Anhur (9 AH/120 AD) mentions an Asimama in Sibat ibn al -Jawazi 'Mirratu Yaman'. From which it is understood that national security was particularly important to Khalifa Abu Bakr. General Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (1 AH/125 AD) said to Raziullah Anhuma, "It is better to stay with the enemy when the enemy comes to you."Will arrange. Because this is your first chance to treat him well. However, the enemy will not allow you to stay for long. So that they do not know the information preserved by the Muslims. You will save your privacy. Your intention should not come out of the words. The information of the army will also be kept secret. Detectives will continue to continue among the soldiers. "

Similarly, Umar ibn al -Khattab Raziullah Anhu (25 AH/1AD) Send a letter to Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan Raziullah Anhumar (5 AH/1 AD). Sham ordered the safety of the coastal region of Sham and the deployment of the troops. According to Ibn Abi Shabba (212 AH/1 AD), according to the data of 'Dateul Madina' - Mu'abiya Raziullah Anhu used to go down to the people of the people at night. It was all -well and famous.

Wakidi (25 AH/1222 AD) in his book 'Futuhus Sham'Many detectives have given details of the Muslims and the Romans. However, the national security system has not yet become institutionalized. According to the information of Ibn Hazar Asqalani (12 AH/1 AD), its institutional form was formed during the Umayyad Khilafat period. He wrote in Fatahul Bari - "During the tenure of any officer of the new era, no position in the name of the police was existed. This term was created during the Banu Umayyad rule. ”

Umayyah

NationalThe most important of the Umayyad Caliph in the security of security is the post and correspondence system. Its director was called 'Sahibul Barid'. In the modern age, what can be called - the chief of the Goundavagian. This system can be called the first seed of the institutional intelligence system in Islamic civilization. The historic Asker (1H/1 AD) is about this postal departmental activities of the Umayyads.Al-Awwail wrote in the book-"In Islam, the first postal system was introduced by Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan Raziullah Anhu. Abdul Malik ibn Marwan (5 AH/1 AD) made this system further organized. "

It is also known that there was a personal intelligence department of any Umayyad Khalifa. As Hafez ibn Hazar writes in his book 'Tahazibut Tahazib' - Umar bin Abdul alAziz (1H/120 AD) was a detective.

Here is one thing to keep in mind. That is - the current postal system is open. Government officials and ordinary people - can use it in the right time. The Postal system established by the Umayyads was not as open as the current postal system. Rather, only government information and papers were exchanged through the postal. So in the first century of Islamic rule, the head of the postal department is called detectiveNothing to be surprised. Tajuddin Subaki (1H/1 AD) acknowledged this in 'Tabakatush Shafiyyah' - "The chief of the postal department used to inform the Khalifa about all the news of the city." This is probably from here that the intelligence department has been named the state information provided system in the modern age.

The Umayyad's postal post had a certain distance office. They were called - 'Sisakul Barid' or Post Office. Khalil Farahidi(1 AH/1 AD) In his book 'Al-Ain'-"Twelve miles were post office. At every post office, the newsman used to change his vehicle. Or the news bag was handed over to the other responsible. " Muhammad Taher Patni (1H/1 AD) wrote in his book 'Majmau Biharil Anwar' - "The horses of the postal department were tied to the news of the news from different countries. Each in a particular place prepare a horseIt was kept. "

For the postal department chiefs, there were permanent houses and offices in the center of the main cities. From there, the activities of the informants and detectives were conducted. They submitted information from the urban office and sent it to the central intelligence chief in the capital. Fakihi (212 AH/1 AD) is telling us in his book 'Akhbaru Makkah' that the detectives around Makkah surrounded Makkah. FakihHe wrote-"When the mosque comes from the sham, the house that will welcome you outside the haram is 'Daribil Barid'; Detective Chief Office. Here are all the intelligence members of Makkah. ”

However, Muslim historians wrote - The Persian Empire has started the first Persian Empire after the Muslims. Ibn al-Jawazi gave several examples of this in his book 'Al-Muntazam'.

AbbasidAge

The Abbasis came to power defeated the Umayyads in the armed revolution. The Umayyad detectives were also tried to revolutionize their revolution multiple times. Therefore, the importance of intelligence activities increased to the Abbasid. From the beginning, they emphasized the intelligence system. In the past, we have quoted Abu Jafar Mansur, the real founder of Abbasi Khilafat.

This is IslamicThe Abbasids take action to ensure that intelligence can be fully conducted in the empire. The intelligence department builds a large number of branch offices to make the department more dynamic and affordable. Khoowarismi (1H/1 AD), known as 'Mufidul Ulum wa Musbbbbbbbbul Humum', has allocated 4,000 camels in the name of the intelligence department in the name of the intelligence department. So that the stateDetective activities can be properly conducted in all matters. During the Caliph Mamun, the intelligence system was so active that every day around the world, Mamun used to sit at home. ”

It is not surprising. "Because the authorities of the state used to spend a lot of money on detectives. Through this system, they used to benefit as much as they benefited. ” Ibn Masquiyyah said his 'Tajaribul Umm'In the text.

Muslim experts have discussed how important the intelligence system for the public interest is, the intelligence department members must have any qualities and characteristics. In this regard, Calcutti (125 AH/1 AD) has written a distinct chapter in his book 'Supporting Asha'. Imam Mawari (1H/1 AD) has briefly mentioned some important points in his book 'Tajilun Nazar'. HeHe writes-"It is important for a president to know all kinds of small and large news. People and employees need to update immediate information. His representatives and acting officers should know about the activities of his representatives and acting officers. Detectives should spread publicly and secretly. For this purpose, the President has to choose the person who is a person who is confident and confident. Presence-innovation-thatWishing the welfare of the state. The demand for bribe or instinct does not go away. So that the news can always be quick to collect the news and uncover the mystery. ”

That is why the rulers used to be a central or zone -based intelligence chief who were trusted and educated; And fully aware of the seriousness of this position. That is why Khoowarzmi writes: "In the first phase of the rulers of the rulers, the detectives of different zones are.The chiefs. The reason - a detective is like the chief ruler's hearing. He informed the ruler the good and bad state of the state. ” In order to explain the activism of this organization in the survival of the state, Khoowarzmi further added - “The rule of war is to send plenty of intelligence, spies and information crisis. The reason - the goats are very tactful and clever. "

That's why we see at different times - the renowned scholars and writers are this positionDoiled

Intelligence

1. Hafez ibn Hazar writes in his book 'Tahazibut Tahzib' - Muhaddis Khalid bin Abis Salt was the detective of Umar bin Abdul Aziz in the Wasi of northern Iraq.

2. Hariri (1H/122 AD), the author of the famous book of Arabic literature, 'Makamaat Hariri' was the Detective of the Abbasi Khilafat. Imaduddin Asbahi (1H/125 AD) in his book 'Kharidatul Kasar'He wrote - "Hariri was the detective of Abbasi Khilafat in Basra. Later, his children were in this position till the reign of the Muktafi Billah in that Hijri. ”

3. Imam Jahabi (1 AH) wrote in the book 'Dateul Islam'-"Abu Nasr al-Qundari (1H/1 AD) Seljuk Sultan met Tugrill Baker (5 AH/1 AD). The Sultan made him the head of his intelligence department. Subsequently promoted him to the post of ministerDo it Abu Nasr was only 5 years old.

Seljuk

Seljukas were a separate regime under the Abbasid Khilafat. They accepted the Abbasi Khalifa as the Central Caliph. Although the Abbasids were then the Khilafat of the Khilafat. Although the intelligence was up to Tugril Beck, it was later rejected in the era of Sultan Alp Arsalan. Sultan Alp Arsalan told his minister Nizamul Mulk: "Our intelligence departmentNo need Because we have friends and enemies in all countries of the world. It will be seen - Guynda will bring the news to any personal interest. Then the friend will make the enemy and the enemy will make friends. ” Depending on this suspicious concept, the Sultan canceled the intelligence system. As a result, the Sultan did not get the Sultan Terrai until the Hashashin became stronger.

Imaduddin Asbhani is his' Dateu Daulati AliSalzuk wrote in the book - Hashashin killed Nizamul Mulk, Minister of Sekazuk in that Hijri. Immediately after Nizamul Mulk, the internal battle and civil war started between the sects. Nizamul mentioned the reason behind the murder of Nizamul Mulk - Sultanate had no intelligence activities. Because of this, there was no information about such a big plan. But on the other hand, the Buyhihira excludes the recruitment of detectivesDidn't keep up As a result, all kinds of news would reach them.

Later, Sultan Salahuddin Ayub Rah was able to use the intelligence department the best among the Muslim rulers. The intelligence activities were in all ages of Muslim rule. However, no one was able to use it well, no one could.

In this brief article we want to search - with the basic idea of intelligence activity during the Muslim regime. Many MuslimsThe words of the empire and their information did not come here. This issue demands more detailed inquiries and research.

Original: Bara Nizar Ryan (Gaza, Palestine)

Transformation: Muhtaram Mahmood Siddiqui Hafi:

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