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Why do jet aircraft make a strange halo when they pass the speed of sound?



When jet aircraft break the sound barrier—surpassing the speed of sound, which is about 1,192 km/h (741 mph) at sea level and 20 °C (68 °F)—they can create a striking visual phenomenon known as a vapor cone or shock collar. This appears as a white ring or cone surrounding the aircraft.


The vapor cone is related to the sonic boom, a loud noise that occurs when an object moves faster than the sound waves it generates. As the aircraft travels, sound waves pile up and form a shock wave, which is a sudden change in air pressure and density.


 This shock wave spreads out behind the aircraft in a cone shape, with the aircraft at its tip. The angle of this cone narrows as the aircraft's speed increases.


The shock wave causes the air pressure and temperature around the aircraft to drop, which can lead to the condensation of moisture in the air.


 This forms a visible cloud of tiny water droplets, creating the vapor cone around the aircraft that follows the shape of the shock wave. This cloud quickly dissipates as the air returns to normal pressure and the droplets evaporate.


The appearance of the vapor cone depends on atmospheric conditions, including humidity and temperature. Higher humidity and lower temperatures increase the likelihood of the vapor cone forming.


 Altitude and the aircraft's angle of flight also play a role, with the effect being more common when the aircraft is flying close to the ground at a steep angle.


This spectacular visual effect showcases the immense power and

 force of sound.

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