Weapon Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have developed nanorobots capable of killing cancer cells in mice.
These nanorobots conceal their weapon within a nanostructure, which only becomes active in the tumor microenvironment, thus sparing healthy cells.
Previously, the Karolinska Institutet team had created structures that could organize death receptors on cell surfaces, triggering cell death.
These structures feature six peptides (amino acid chains) arranged in a hexagonal pattern."
This hexagonal nanopattern of peptides becomes a lethal weapon," says Professor Björn Högberg from the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics at Karolinska Institutet, who led the study.
"If administered as a drug, it would indiscriminately kill cells throughout the body, which would be harmful.
To circumvent this issue, we have concealed the weapon within a DNA-based nanostructure," explains Högberg.
His team has been using DNA origami, a technique for building nanoscale structures from DNA, to develop a 'kill switch' that activates under specific conditions.
"We've successfully hidden the weapon so it can only be revealed in the acidic environment typical of solid tumors," Högberg says.
"This means we've created a type of nanorobot that can specifically target and destroy cancer cells."The key is the low pH, or acidic microenvironment, usually surrounding cancer cells, which activates the nanorobot's weapon.
In cell analyses in test tubes, researchers demonstrated that the peptide weapon remains hidden inside the nanostructure at a normal pH of 7.4 but exhibits a significant cell-killing effect when the pH drops to 6.5.
Reduced Tumor GrowthThe nanorobot was then injected into mice with breast cancer tumors, resulting in a 70 percent reduction in tumor growth compared to mice given an inactive version of the nanorobot.
"We now need to investigate whether this works in more advanced cancer models that more closely resemble the real human disease,
" says the study's first author, Yang Wang, a researcher at the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics at Karolinska Institutet.
"We also need to determine the method's side effects before it can be tested on humans.
"The researchers also plan to explore whether the nanorobot can be made even more targeted by placing proteins or peptides on its surface that specifically bind to certain types of cancer.
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