At the beginning of the hot Big Bang, our Universe was nearly uniform, though not entirely. Small variations in density occurred, with some regions being slightly denser or less dense than others. Gravity and radiation interact with these regions: gravity attracts matter and energy to denser areas, while radiation pushes back. This interplay imprints patterns of temperature fluctuations into the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. The angular size of these temperature fluctuations in the CMB is crucial. These fluctuations follow a specific pattern, where certain regions appear hotter or colder by specific amounts across different distance scales. In a flat Universe, these scales appear as they are. In contrast, a positively curved Universe would make the scales appear larger, and a negatively curved Universe would make them appear smaller. From observations, especially from the Planck satellite, scientists have determined with 99.6% ...
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